Ridesharing and Taxi Safety: Information on Background Checks and Safety Features [Reissued with revisions on Oct. 25, 2024]
Fast Facts
Many people across the country use ridesharing and taxi services. Advocacy groups and others have raised questions about the safety of these services, as both drivers and passengers have experienced violence.
This report describes:
States and localities' background check requirements for ridesharing and taxi drivers
Safety features ridesharing and taxi companies offer before or during a trip
We surveyed passengers about such safety features. They told us they most frequently used pre-trip features available in digital apps. For example, some apps offer a driver's name and photo or license plate number that passengers can use to verify a ride.
Revised on October 25, 2024, to clarify the scope of legal research on pages 3, 18, 24, 48-50, 63, 67, 69, and 70; clarify the results of legal research on the highlights page and pages 16, 21-22, 66-68; and clarify a stakeholder perspective on page 14.
Highlights
What GAO Found
In general, ridesourcing (also referred to as ridesharing) and taxi companies can be regulated by states, localities, or both. GAO's review of state statutes and regulations found that 45 states and Washington, D.C., (states) require criminal background checks for prospective ridesourcing drivers, and 11 states require criminal background checks for prospective taxi drivers. Although fewer states have statewide background check requirements for taxi drivers compared with ridesourcing drivers, historically taxis tend to be regulated at the local level, according to a 2016 report by the Transportation Research Board. Selected states and localities GAO reviewed administer and manage background checks in a variety of ways. For example, one selected locality conducts all background checks for ridesourcing drivers, while another locality allows ridesourcing companies the option of having a third party, or the locality, conduct the check. All five ridesourcing and five taxi companies GAO interviewed said they conduct background checks for all prospective drivers, regardless of requirements.
Ridesourcing and taxi companies may offer pretrip safety features in digital applications (app), other in-app safety features, and in-vehicle safety features. For example, four selected ridesourcing and four selected taxi companies either require or allow drivers to use a security camera during trips.
Examples of Safety Features for Ridesourcing and Taxi Drivers and Passengers
|
Type of safety feature |
Example of safety feature |
Description |
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Pretrip in-application (app) |
License plate number |
Passengers match the license plate number in the app to the vehicle to identify the correct vehicle. |
|
|
Other in-app |
Emergency call button |
If drivers or passengers need immediate assistance, this button can connect them with emergency responders. |
|
|
In-vehicle |
Partition |
Partitions provide a physical barrier between the front and back part of a vehicle. |
|
Source: GAO analysis of ridesourcing and taxi company documents and interviews with their representatives. | GAO-24-107093
GAO conducted in-person surveys in public places (intercept surveys) in four locations and asked 304 individuals who were likely to have used ridesourcing or taxis about their awareness and use of selected safety features. Of the 267 respondents who were asked about pretrip in-app features, over 95 percent were aware of and had used at least one such feature when arranging a ride in the past year. Respondents were most likely to consider two pretrip in-app features—license plate number and driver name and picture—as very important to their safety. More than 90 percent of respondents were aware of at least one in-vehicle safety feature, such as a vehicle decal.
Why GAO Did This Study
Ridesourcing and taxi services help meet the transportation needs of many people in the U.S. Advocacy groups and other stakeholders have raised questions about the safety of these services.
Sami's Law, enacted in January 2023, provides for GAO to conduct a study on background check requirements for prospective ridesourcing and taxi drivers, and safety steps taken by ridesourcing and taxi companies. This report describes background checks of prospective ridesourcing and taxi drivers and safety features for drivers and passengers, among other objectives.
GAO searched state statutes and regulations to identify states with statewide background check requirements for prospective ridesourcing and taxi drivers.
GAO reviewed documents and interviewed officials from five federal agencies, six selected states, and four selected localities. GAO also interviewed representatives from five selected ridesourcing and five taxi companies. GAO selected states and localities based on their oversight of ridesourcing and taxi services, and selected ridesourcing and taxi companies to obtain variation in size and location, among other things.
GAO also conducted nongeneralizable intercept surveys to examine if passengers were aware of and used selected safety features. An intercept survey is an in-person data collection method conducted in a public place (such as an airport), where a specific targeted population is asked a series of questions.
For more information, contact Elizabeth Repko at (202) 512-2834 or repkoe@gao.gov and Derrick Collins at 202-512-8777 or collinsd@gao.gov.
Reissued with revisions on Oct. 25, 2024
Revised on October 25, 2024, to clarify the scope of legal research on pages 3, 18, 24, 48-50, 63, 67, 69, and 70; clarify the results of legal research on the highlights page and pages 16, 21-22, 66-68; and clarify a stakeholder perspective on page 14.