Electromagnetic Spectrum Operations: DOD Needs to Address Governance and Oversight Issues to Help Ensure Superiority
Fast Facts
The U.S. risks losing control of the battlefield if it doesn't control the electromagnetic spectrum, according to the Defense Department. This range of frequencies is critical for communications, navigation, weapons, and more.
Russian electromagnetic warfare forces, described by the Defense Intelligence Agency as "world class," have demonstrated effectiveness in real-world applications against U.S. and foreign militaries. China also has advanced capabilities.
Earlier strategies to help DOD improve its spectrum capabilities have fallen short. We are recommending ways to help DOD implement its most recently issued strategy.
DOD operations in every domain rely on ensuring control over the use of electromagnetic spectrum
Highlights
What GAO Found
According to studies by the Department of Defense (DOD) and others, near-peer adversaries China and Russia are aware of the importance of the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS) and have taken steps to improve their capabilities to threaten DOD's ability to use and control the EMS. China is taking steps to enhance its capabilities to use the EMS through strategic, organizational, and training advances. Meanwhile, Russian electromagnetic warfare forces, described by the Defense Intelligence Agency as “world class,” have demonstrated their effectiveness through successful real-world applications against U.S. and foreign militaries.
Studies by DOD and others have also highlighted internal challenges that may affect the department's ability to ensure superiority, or operational control, in the EMS. These include issues related to:
- Governance and organization,
- Technology acquisition and development,
- EMS operational concepts,
- Spectrum management, and
- Staffing and training.
DOD issued strategies in 2013 and 2017 to address EMS-related challenges, but did not fully implement either strategy because DOD did not assign senior leaders with appropriate authorities and resources or establish oversight processes for implementation. DOD issued a new strategy in September 2020, but the department risks not achieving the new strategy's goals because it has not taken key actions—such as identifying processes and procedures to integrate EMS operations (EMSO) across the department, reforming governance structures, and clearly assigning leadership for strategy implementation. Also, it has not developed oversight processes, such as an implementation plan, that would help ensure accountability and implementation of the 2020 strategy goals. Doing so would help position the department to achieve its EMSO goals (see figure).
Actions to Ensure DOD Superiority in the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Why GAO Did This Study
According to DOD, the EMS is essential for facilitating control in operational environments and impacts operations in the air, land, sea, space, and cyber domains. The pervasiveness of the EMS across warfighting domains means that maintaining or achieving EMS superiority against an adversary is critical to battlefield success.
House Report 116-120 that accompanied a bill for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020 included a provision that GAO assess DOD's EMS strategy. This report (1) describes reported threats from peer adversaries; (2) outlines challenges to DOD's superiority in the EMS; and (3) evaluates the extent to which DOD has implemented EMS-related strategies and is positioned to achieve future goals. GAO analyzed 43 EMS studies identified through a literature review, reviewed DOD documentation, and interviewed DOD officials and subject matter experts.
Recommendations
GAO is making five recommendations, including that DOD should identify processes and procedures, reform governance structures, assign leadership for strategy implementation, and develop oversight processes. DOD concurred with the first two recommendations and partially concurred with the last three recommendation. In response to these three latter recommendations, DOD stated that it will take action once the department has developed—and the Secretary of Defense has reviewed—organizational reform recommendations.
Recommendations for Executive Action
| Agency Affected | Recommendation | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Department of Defense | The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, as Senior Designated Official of the CFT, identifies the procedures and processes necessary to provide for integrated defense-wide strategy, planning, and budgeting with respect to joint electromagnetic spectrum operations, as required by the FY19 NDAA. (Recommendation 1) |
DOD concurred with this recommendation. In March 2021, DOD informed us that the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, as the Senior Designated Official of the EMSO Cross-Functional Team (CFT), has taken steps to complete all of the items required by the FY19 NDAA. In November 2022, the Secretary of Defense transferred responsibility to the Chief Information Officer and disestablished the CFT. In June 2023, DOD provided us documentation demonstrating the CIO's use of the EMS Senior Steering Group--with its procedures and processes--to provide for the required activities. By using the group as an oversight body, and demonstrated in documents from group meetings, we believe DOD has taken action to identify the procedures and processes necessary and met the intent of our recommendation.
|
| Department of Defense |
Priority Rec.
The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as Senior Designated Official of the CFT proposes EMS governance, management, organizational, and operational reforms to the Secretary. (Recommendation 2) |
DOD concurred with this recommendation, stating that DOD EMS Superiority Strategy Implementation Plan will contain EMS governance, management, organizational, and operational reforms. Our review of the plan found that it includes actions that might ultimately support the proposal of reforms, but does not propose reforms itself. In November 2022, DOD made the DOD CIO responsible for tasks such as EMS reforms .In June 2023, DOD provided documents demonstrating multiple reforms developed and proposed by the EMS Senior Steering Group. For example, DOD has proposed updates to its EMS Enterprise Policy, encompassing governance and management reforms. We believe that the group's actions to-date meet the intent of our recommendation.
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| Department of Defense |
Priority Rec.
The Secretary of Defense should assign clear responsibility to a senior official with authority and resources necessary to compel action for the long-term implementation of the 2020 strategy in time to oversee the execution of the 2020 strategy implementation plan. (Recommendation 3) |
DOD partially concurred with this recommendation. DOD's 2021 implementation plan identifies the need to designate the appropriate senior official with the requisite resources to ensure proper oversight and execution of the 2020 EMS Superiority Strategy Implementation Plan. In November 2022, DOD transferred this responsibility to the Chief Information Officer. In June 2023, DOD provided documents demonstrating the Chief Information Officer's use of the EMS Steering Group to compel action to implement the 2020 strategy, meeting the intent of our recommendation.
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| Department of Defense | The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the designated senior official for long-term strategy implementation issues an actionable implementation plan within 180 days following issuance of the 2020 strategy. (Recommendation 4) |
DOD partially concurred with this recommendation. DOD issued the implementation plan in July 2021. The plan identifies discrete tasks and assigns offices of primary responsibility, but DOD has not provided further information about actions associated with the plan. In November 2022, DOD transferred responsibility for long-term strategy implementation to the Chief Information Officer. In June 2023, DOD provided documents demonstrating actions and progress on discrete elements of the implementation plan. While DOD did not meet the 180-day timeline, it's subsequent progress demonstrated that the ultimate implementation plan has been actionable and thus meets the intent of our recommendation.
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| Department of Defense | The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the designated senior official for long-term strategy implementation creates oversight processes that would facilitate the department's implementation of the 2020 strategy. (Recommendation 5) |
DOD partially concurred with this recommendation. In March 2021, DOD informed us that the department agrees that long-term strategy implementation requires oversight processes to facilitate DOD's implementation of the 2020 EMS Superiority Strategy. The department issued an implementation plan in July 2021 that contains plans for oversight processes but has not provided further information about actions associated with the plan. In November 2022, DOD designated the Chief Information Officer as responsible for overseeing implementation of the strategy. In June 2023, DOD provided documents demonstrating the Chief Information Officer's use of the EMS Steering Group to oversee strategy implementation. We believe the demonstrated use of this group meets the intent of our recommendation.
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